Providing Network Connectivity and Access to Content and Communications via Moving Objects

ABSTRACT

Various techniques for providing network connectivity are described herein. In one example, a moving object includes an uplink device of the moving object to connect the moving object to a publicly available computer network. The moving object also includes a downlink device of the moving object to be communicatively coupled to a remote device at a specific segment along a route of the moving object. The remote device is to provide data received via the downlink device to a user. The moving object also further includes a cache store communicatively coupled to the uplink device and the downlink device. Implementations include the use of commercial airplanes for providing connectivity via intermittent access and refreshing of a cache store that makes content available to end users.

BACKGROUND

A variety of Internet connectivity solutions exist such as wired cable,DSL, fiber optic, and wireless solutions such as 3G/4G LTE and Wi-Fi.Yet, some two thirds of the total global population lies in remote areasthat are still not connected to the Internet.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of the innovation in orderto provide a basic understanding of some aspects described herein. Thissummary is not an extensive overview of the claimed subject matter. Itis intended to neither identify key elements of the claimed subjectmatter nor delineate the scope of the claimed subject matter. Its solepurpose is to present some concepts of the claimed subject matter in asimplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that ispresented later.

An implementation provides a moving object that provides networkconnectivity. The moving object includes an uplink device of the movingobject to connect the moving object to a publicly available computernetwork. The moving object also includes a downlink device of the movingobject to be communicatively coupled to a remote device at a specificsegment along a route of the moving object. The remote device is toprovide data received via the downlink device to a user. The movingobject further includes a cache store communicatively coupled to theuplink device and the downlink device.

Another implementation provides a method for providing networkconnectivity via moving objects. The method includes routing data to andfrom a network via a first uplink device on a first moving object. Themethod also includes routing data to and from a remote device via afirst downlink device on the first moving object. The method furtherincludes establishing a handoff connection between the first movingobject and a second moving object. The method also further includesestablishing a downlink between the remote device and a second downlinkdevice of the second moving object. The method also includes migratingthe routing of data to and from the remote device to the second downlinkdevice and a second uplink device on the second moving object from thefirst downlink device via the handoff connection.

Another implementation provides one or more computer-readable storagemedia for providing network connectivity via moving objects. The one ormore computer-readable storage media include a plurality of instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to determine anavailable spectrum via dynamic spectrum access. The plurality ofinstructions also cause the processor to establish a downlink to aremote device via a downlink device of a moving object using theavailable spectrum. The plurality of instructions further cause theprocessor to establish an uplink to a publicly available network via anuplink device of the moving object using a different portion ofspectrum. The plurality of instructions also further cause the processorto send and receive data to and from a remote device. The data is to berelayed to and from the network via the uplink device.

The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detailcertain illustrative aspects of the claimed subject matter. Theseaspects are indicative, however, of a few of the various ways in whichthe principles of the innovation may be employed and the claimed subjectmatter is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.Other advantages and novel features of the claimed subject matter willbecome apparent from the following detailed description of theinnovation when considered in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a computing system forproviding large-scale Internet connectivity;

FIG. 2A is a diagram of an example airplane providing large-scaleInternet connectivity, according to the implementations describedherein;

FIG. 2B is a diagram of connection distance and duration of an exampleairplane, according to the implementations described herein;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example migration of a connection between twoairplanes, according to the implementations described herein;

FIG. 4A is a diagram of an example uplink using a satellite;

FIG. 4B is a diagram of an example uplink using a direct relay;

FIG. 4C is a diagram of an example uplink using a peer-to-peer relay;

FIG. 5 is a detailed process flow diagram of an example method forproviding Internet connectivity via aircraft;

FIG. 6 is a detailed process flow diagram of an example method formigrating a downlink between aircraft;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a tangible, computer-readable storagemedia that can be used to provide Internet access via aircraft.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As a preliminary matter, some of the Figures describe concepts in thecontext of one or more structural components, variously referred to asfunctionality, modules, features, elements, or the like. The variouscomponents shown in the Figures can be implemented in any manner, suchas software, hardware, firmware, or combinations thereof. In someimplementations, various components reflect the use of correspondingcomponents in an actual implementation. In other implementations, anysingle component illustrated in the Figures may be implemented by anumber of actual components. The depiction of any two or more separatecomponents in the Figures may reflect different functions performed by asingle actual component. FIG. 1, discussed below, provides detailsregarding one system that may be used to implement the functions shownin the Figures.

Other Figures describe the concepts in flowchart form. In this form,certain operations are described as constituting distinct blocksperformed in a certain order. Such implementations are exemplary andnon-limiting. Certain blocks described herein can be grouped togetherand performed in a single operation, certain blocks can be broken apartinto multiple component blocks, and certain blocks can be performed inan order that differs from that which is illustrated herein, including aparallel manner of performing the blocks. The blocks shown in theflowcharts can be implemented by software, hardware, firmware, manualprocessing, or the like. As used herein, hardware may include computersystems, discrete logic components, such as application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), or the like.

As to terminology, the phrase “configured to” encompasses any way thatany kind of functionality can be constructed to perform an identifiedoperation. The functionality can be configured to perform an operationusing, for instance, software, hardware, firmware, or the like. Theterm, “logic” encompasses any functionality for performing a task. Forinstance, each operation illustrated in the flowcharts corresponds tologic for performing that operation. An operation can be performedusing, software, hardware, firmware, or the like. The terms,“component,” “system,” and the like may refer to computer-relatedentities, hardware, and software in execution, firmware, or combinationthereof. A component may be a process running on a processor, an object,an executable, a program, a function, a subroutine, a computer, or acombination of software and hardware. The term, “processor,” may referto a hardware component, such as a processing unit of a computer system.

Furthermore, the claimed subject matter may be implemented as a method,apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming andengineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or anycombination thereof to control a computing device to implement thedisclosed subject matter. The term, “article of manufacture,” as usedherein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from anycomputer-readable storage device or media. Computer-readable storagemedia can include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage devices,e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips, optical disk, compactdisk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD), smart cards, flash memorydevices, among others. Computer-readable storage media, as used herein,do not include propagating signals. In contrast, computer-readablemedia, i.e., not storage media, may include communication media such astransmission media for wireless signals and the like.

As discussed above, about two thirds of the human population currentlylacks Internet access. A major obstacle in providing Internet to themajority of the world is the cost of setting up a reliableinfrastructure in remote communities. The traditional method ofextending service by setting up communication towers, laying cables, andbuilding electronic hubs is cumbersome and fraught with financial andpolitical challenges.

Aircraft currently use very high frequency (VHF) to transmit flightinformation to traffic control towers. Automatic dependentsurveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is currently being used as a technologyfor tracking aircraft and has been selected as part of the NextGeneration Air Transportation System (NextGen). Commercial airplanestoday also offer Internet connectivity to onboard passengers viasatellite services.

According to implementations described herein, a wireless network may beformed for large-scale computer network connectivity using existingmoving objects. For example, a moving object can include vehicles suchas motor vehicles, watercraft, spacecraft and/or aircraft. In someexamples, an aircraft can be an airplane. As used herein, a computernetwork refers to a global system of interconnected computer networksthat use a standard Internet protocol suite to link computing devices.The computer network may generally be referred to herein as “theInternet.” As used herein, aircraft having a predefined route and whosepurpose is primarily providing transport services including airplanes,commercial airplanes, such as passenger airplanes and cargo airplanes aswell as general aviation airplanes. Aircraft also includes air balloons,gliders, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), helicopters and the like.Aircraft may be configured to fly in a predefined route and with aprimary purpose of providing transport services. In implementations,remote Internet users can connect to the aircraft via downlinks that canbe direct wireless connections to the aircraft or land-based stationsthat relay data communications between the airplanes and end users. Adownlink as used herein refers to a connection from data communicationsequipment towards data terminal equipment, such as subscriber devices.The aircraft are in turn connected to an Internet backbone throughuplinks that can include satellites, other aircraft, and groundstations. As used herein, an uplink refers to a connection from a datacommunications equipment towards a network core such as an Internetbackbone. A major drawback of proposed alternative balloon and dedicatedaircraft solutions is cost and therefore scalability into remote regionsImplementations described herein therefore use existing infrastructure,aircraft and locally available spectrum. In some implementations, thedownlink may use dynamic spectrum access to use a locally availablespectrum to provide Internet service. As used herein, dynamic spectrumaccess refers to techniques for using spectrum holes or white spaces inthe licensed spectrum bands. Therefore, the present implementationsprovide a cost-efficient method of providing Internet to remote regions.

In implementations, the system can work in real-time or can be based oncaching and updates. In some examples, ground-based stations and/orpersonal devices may have a caching application for communication withthe airplanes. Furthermore, in some implementations, the system caninterleave data into existing communications channels, such as theAutomatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) channels described indetail below, to efficiently use existing spectrum resources.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a computing system forproviding large-scale Internet connectivity. The computing system 100may be, for example, a personal mobile device, laptop computer, desktopcomputer, tablet computer, computer server, or an airplane computer, orcomputer on a moving object, among others. The computing system 100 mayinclude a processor 102 that is adapted to execute stored instructions,as well as a memory device 104 that stores instructions that areexecutable by the processor 102. The processor 102 can be a single coreprocessor, a multi-core processor, a computing cluster, or any number ofother configurations. The memory device 104 can include random accessmemory, read-only memory, flash memory, or any other suitable memorysystems. The memory device 104 includes computer-readable storage mediathat includes volatile memory and nonvolatile memory.

The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines totransfer information between elements within the computer 502, such asduring start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory. By way ofillustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can includeread-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electricallyprogrammable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM(EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory includes random access memory(RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration andnot limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as static RAM(SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rateSDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), SynchLink™ DRAM (SLDRAM),Rambus® direct RAM (RDRAM), direct Rambus® dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), andRambus® dynamic RAM (RDRAM).

The instructions that are executed by the processor 102 can be used torelay Internet traffic through aircraft. For example, the instructionscan cause an airplane to establish a downlink with a remote subscriberand provide Internet services. In some implementations, the instructionsmay be used to cache data. As used herein, caching refers totransparently storing data so that future requests for the data can beserved faster in addition to transparently storing data for a delayedtransmission.

The processor 102 may be connected through a system bus 106 (e.g., PCI®,PCI-Express®, etc.) to an input/output (I/O) device interface 108adapted to connect the computing system 100 to one or more I/O devices110. The system bus 106 can be any of several types of bus structure,including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus orexternal bus, and a local bus using any variety of available busarchitectures known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The I/Odevices 110 may include, for example, a keyboard, a gesture recognitioninput device, a voice recognition device, and a pointing device, whereinthe pointing device may include a touchpad or a touchscreen, amongothers. The I/O devices 110 may be built-in components of the computingsystem 100, or may be devices that are externally connected to thecomputing system 100.

The processor 102 may also be linked through the system bus 106 to adisplay device interface 112 adapted to connect the computing system 100to a display device 114. The display device 114 may include a displayscreen that is a built-in component of the computing system 100. Thedisplay device 114 may also include a computer monitor, television, orprojector, among others, that is externally connected to the computingsystem 100. A network interface card (NIC) 116 may also be adapted toconnect the computing system 100 through the system bus 106 to a network(not depicted) and/or remote device through an uplink device 118, adownlink device 120, or both. As used herein, a remote device caninclude a base station or remote subscriber device capable of connectingto a downlink device. A remote subscriber device, as used herein,includes computers, gaming systems, smartphones, personal devices, andthe like. For example, the moving object can connect to a personaldevice via a downlink device 120 and a satellite via an uplink device118. In some examples, a downlink device 120 can connect a base stationor a terrestrial wireless device such as a subscriber device to anaircraft computer 100. In some examples, an uplink device 118 canconnect an aircraft to another aircraft, a satellite, or a terrestrialstation to provide Internet access to a user via a remote device, asdescribed in FIGS. 4A-4C below.

The storage 122 can include a hard drive, an optical drive, a USB flashdrive, an array of drives, or any combinations thereof. The storage 122may include a dynamic spectrum module 124, a communications module 126,and a caching module 128 with associated cache store 130. In someimplementations, the dynamic spectrum module 124 can determine aspectrum to use for a downlink and/or uplink. For example, the dynamicspectrum module 124 can determine that a specific portion of spectrum isavailable for use at a location as an uplink and a different portion ofspectrum is available for use as a downlink. As discussed above, twothirds of the world currently does not receive Internet access. However,remote regions lacking access are also more likely to have large amountsof available spectrum. The dynamic spectrum module 124 may takeadvantage of areas with unused spectrum by making full use of thespectrum that is available to provide Internet access. In someimplementations, the dynamic spectrum module 124 can use dynamicspectrum access to increase the amount of available spectrum forInternet access. For example, the dynamic spectrum module 124 candetermine the available spectrum along the route of an airplane andprovide service to remote devices along the route. The remote devicesthen provide the service to users.

In some implementations, the communications module 126 can receive anavailable spectrum from the dynamic spectrum module 124 and establish adownlink using the available spectrum. For example, a downlink device120 can connect the aircraft to a remote subscriber's personal device ora base station that is connected to remote subscribers. In someimplementations, the communications module 126 can use at least onededicated portion of spectrum as a downlink and/or uplink. In someimplementations, the communications module 126 can use existingcommunications channels as a downlink and/or uplink. For example, thecommunications module 126 can use ADS-B channels as a downlink and/oruplink. ADS-B currently includes the two different services “ADS-B Out”and “ADS-B In.” ADS-B Out periodically broadcasts information about eachaircraft, such as identification, current position, altitude, andvelocity, through an onboard transmitter. ADS-B In provides for thereception by aircraft of Flight Information Services-Broadcast (FIS-B)data, Traffic Information Services-Broadcast (TIS-B) data, and otherADS-B data such as direct communication from nearby aircraft. FIS-B inturn provides weather text, weather graphics, Notice to Airmen (NOTAMs),Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), and similar information.In some examples, the ADS-B channels can be used for existingcommunications data as well as providing Internet service byinterleaving the two or more streams of data. For example, low-bandwidthdata such as email or messaging can be interleaved with any of the aboveADS-B communications. Thus, in some examples, remote subscribers can beprovided at least some Internet service through the use of dedicatedand/or existing communications channels.

In some implementations, the communications module 126 can handoff adownlink connection to another moving object. For example, a secondairplane may be within range of a remote subscriber device or basestation as a first airplane is about to lose its downlink with thedevice or station. In this scenario, the first airplane can handoff thedownlink to the second airplane such that the device or station receivesuninterrupted Internet access, as discussed in the description of FIG. 3below.

In some implementations, the communications module 126 can steer adirectional antenna. For example, the downlink and/or uplink device canuse a directional antenna to send and receive data. In some examples,the communications module can steer the directional antenna to increaselink margin. As used herein, link margin refers to the differencebetween a wireless receiver's sensitivity (i.e., the received power atwhich the receiver will stop working) and the actual received power, asmeasured in decibels. Using steerable directional antennas provideslonger duration of coverage and a narrower beam width for higher powerand less interference.

In some implementations, the caching module 128 can cache data from theremote subscriber device or the Internet for later use. For example, thecommunications module 126 may not be able to handoff a downlinkconnection to provide uninterrupted Internet service. In someimplementations, the caching module 128 can temporarily store data to besent out when a subsequent aircraft arrives. Thus, the caching module128 can provide for a form of delay-tolerant networking (DTN), in whichcaching is used to address lack of continuous network connectivity. Insome examples, the caching module 128 can also store Internet contentthat is frequently requested or locally popular. For example, news sitesmay be cached in addition to blogs, and the like. In some examples, thecaching module 128 can also cache larger data such as media content. Forexample, an aircraft may have such content cached onto its local cachestore 130 at an airport. In some examples, the aircraft communicationsmodule 126 can transfer the cached content onto cache stores 130 of basestations as described in FIG. 2A below.

In some examples, a moving object can send multicasts of news data toremote devices along its route. For example, an aircraft can multicastnews data to base stations that have subscribed to receive themulticasts. In some examples, the base stations can cache the news datafor later retrieval by remote subscriber devices.

It is to be understood that the block diagram of FIG. 1 is not intendedto indicate that the computing system 100 is to include all of thecomponents shown in FIG. 1. Rather, the computing system 100 can includefewer or additional components not illustrated in FIG. 1 (e.g.,additional applications, additional modules, additional memory devices,additional network interfaces, etc.). Furthermore, any of thefunctionalities of the dynamic spectrum module 124, the communicationsmodule 126, and the caching module 128 can be partially, or entirely,implemented in hardware and/or in the processor 102. For example, thefunctionality can be implemented with an application specific integratedcircuit, in logic implemented in the processor 102, or in any otherdevice. For example, and without limitation, illustrative types ofhardware logic components that can be used include Field-programmableGate Arrays (FPGAs), Program-specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs),Program-specific Standard Products (ASSPs), System-on-a-chip systems(SOCs), and Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), etc.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of an example airplane providing large-scaleInternet connectivity, according to implementations described herein.The configuration of FIG. 2A is generally referred to by the referencenumber 200A. Airplane 202 is connected to a remote area 204 through basestation 206 via downlink 208. Airplane 202 is also connected to remotesubscriber device 210 via a second downlink 212. The remote area 204 andthe remote subscriber device 210 are terrestrially located on theground, as indicated by the line 211. Airplane 202 is also furtherconnected to the Internet 214 via an uplink 216. The group of remotesubscriber devices 204 includes a computer server 218 at base station206, a gaming system 220 that is connected to base station 206 via fiberoptic cable 222, and two personal devices 224 connected to base station206 via wireless connections 226. Although an airplane is used forillustrative purposes, airplane 202 can also be any suitable aircraft asdiscussed above in regard to FIG. 1.

In the diagram of FIG. 2A, two example downlinks are illustrated. Insome implementations, the moving airplane 202 can provide Internetservice to remote subscribers via a base station 206. The base station206 connects to remote subscriber devices 220, 224, and 226, via a cable222 or wireless connection 226 and relays the data to airplane 202 viadownlink 208. The airplane 202 then relays the data to and from Internet214 through uplink 216. In some implementations, dynamic spectrum module124 can determine which parts of spectrum are available in remote area204 such that communications module 126 can form a fast downlink 208with base station 206. In some examples, the dynamic spectrum module 124can use dynamic spectrum access to determine that a large portion ofspectrum is available in area 204. For example, the segment of spectrumcalled white spaces may be completely available in area 204. Whitespaces, as used herein, refers to spectrum that has been allocated tobroadcasting services but are locally unused. White spaces includeultra-high frequency (UHF) and very-high frequency (VHF) bands that areavailable as a result of the switchover to digital television. Thecommunications module 126 can use a white space portion of the spectrumto send and/or receive data to and/or from base station 206 via downlink208.

In some implementations, base station 206 can include computer server218 that includes a cache store, such as the cache store 130 discussedabove in reference to FIG. 1. In some examples, a caching module, suchas caching module 128 of FIG. 1, on the computer server 218 can receivedata from remote subscriber devices 220 and 226 and cache the data ontothe cache store 130. The base station 206 can send the cached data toplane 202 when communications module 126 of airplane 202 establishesdownlink 208. In some implementations, the base station 206 can receivedata from airplane 202 through downlink 208. In some examples, the basestation 206 can send the data to a cache store 130 on computer server218. The caching module 128 can communicate with the base station 206 toprovide the data in the cache store 130 when requested by remotesubscriber devices 220, 226.

Similarly, in some implementations, the moving airplane 202 can provideInternet service directly to remote subscribers through a downlink 212to the remote subscriber device 210. In some examples, the dynamicspectrum module 124 can also determine available spectrum in thevicinity of the remote subscriber device 210. The communications module126 can then establish a downlink 212 to provide Internet service. Insome examples, a remote subscriber device 210 can access the Internetvia downlink 212 while base station uploads cached data via link 208,and vice versa. For example, remote subscriber device 210 can also storeand upload cached data via a caching application that can be installedon remote subscriber device 210.

In some implementations, airplane 202 of FIG. 2A can also use ADS-Btechnology to provide Internet services. For example, dynamic spectrummodule 124 may determine that an area 204 has little or no availablespectrum. In some examples, this could be due to the use of allavailable white space by licensed devices with greater priority such aswireless microphones, among other devices. The dynamic spectrum module124 can send the spectrum availability information to the communicationsmodule 126. In some implementations, the communications module 126 canuse a dedicated portion of the spectrum to offer Internet services. Forexample, a portion of the spectrum may be dedicated for airplane use. Insome examples, communications module 126 may use the portion of spectrumdedicated to ADS-B as a downlink 208, 212. In some implementations, thedata coming to and/or from base station 206 and/or remote subscriberdevice 210 can be interleaved with existing communications using ADS-Bspectrum. In using ADS-B or unused spectrum such as white spaces, thesystem 200A has an advantage of using otherwise unallocated resources tobring Internet access to remote regions.

FIG. 2B is a diagram of connection distance and duration of an exampleairplane, according to implementations described herein. Thefunctionality of FIG. 2B may be referred to generally by the referencenumber 200B.

In FIG. 2B, airplane 202 is connected to base station 206 via downlink208 and is travelling at a height 232 of about 10,000 meters. Airplane202 has flown from the right to the left at a speed of 250 meters persecond as indicated by arrow 228 for a total distance 230 of about 34641meters. Angle 234 measures approximately 60 degrees.

In 200B, the distance 230 of 34,641 meters flown by airplane 202 at aspeed 228 of 250 m/s takes about 138 seconds. The connection duration ofairplane 202 via downlink 208 therefore is about 138 seconds. In someimplementations, the distance of the specific segment for the connectionand thus also the connection duration of airplane 202 is based in parton an allowable transmit power for downlink 208. For example, if thedynamic spectrum module 124 determines a low potential for interferenceusing a portion of spectrum in an area then the transmit power for thatportion of spectrum can be relatively larger. In areas where highpotential for interference exists, the transmit power of correspondingspectrum is reduced to prevent interference. The weaker the transmitpower, the shorter the connection length and duration. In someimplementations, the dynamic spectrum module 124 can receive data suchas spectrum usage maps. The dynamic spectrum module 124 can use thespectrum usage maps to determine a portion of spectrum and transmitpower to use for downlink 208. In some examples, a downlink can useexisting very high frequency (VHF) radios that are already installed inaircraft. For example, VHF modems can be installed on aircraft to useexisting VHF communication infrastructure such as antennas on anairplane to establish both an uplink and a downlink. In someimplementations, the communications module 126 may search for otherairplanes to handoff downlink 208 during the connection duration. Insome examples, where flight traffic is less frequent, the caching module128 can cache data into cache store 130. In some implementations, basestation 206 caches email and other data in a cache store 130. The basestation 206 can upload the cached data to the airplane 202 during theconnection duration.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example migration of a connection between twoairplanes, according to implementations described herein. The migrationas described in FIG. 3 is generally be referred to by the referencenumber 300. In FIG. 3, airplane 202 is connected to base station 206 viadownlink 208. Airplane 202 is also connected to airplane 302 via handoffconnection 304. Airplane 302 is also connected to base station 206 viadownlink 306.

In the diagram of FIG. 3, airplane 202 has flown over base station 206and is about to drop downlink 208 with base station 206. Inimplementations, communications module 126 can establish a handoffconnection 304 with the nearby airplane 302. In some implementations,the base station 206 chooses the nearby airplane 302 and sends thisinformation to airplane 202. The communications module 126 of airplane202 can then send downlink information to a communications module 126 onairplane 302. In some implementations, airplane 302 can establish adownlink 306 with base station 206 such that base station 206experiences little to no Internet disruption. For example, airplane 202can establish handoff connection 304 before downlink 208 isdisconnected. In some implementations, airplane 202 can send link stateinformation of downlink 208 to airplane 302. As used herein, link stateinformation includes link state packets that may contain names, a cost,or distance to any neighboring routers and associated networks, amongother information. Airplane 302 can receive the link state informationfrom airplane 202 and establish a downlink 306. In some implementations,downlink 208 is migrated to downlink 306. In some implementations,downlinks 208, 306 can provide concurrent service to base station 206.In some examples, the services being provided by downlink 208 can beprovided by downlink 306 when airplane 202 flies out of range of basestation 202.

FIG. 4A is a diagram of an example uplink using a satellite. The uplinkconfiguration of FIG. 4A is generally referred to by the referencenumber 400A. In FIG. 4A, airplane 202 is connected to base station 206via downlink 208. Airplane 202 is also connected to satellite 402 viauplink 404. Satellite 402 is connected to antenna 406 via uplink 408.Antenna 406 is connected to the Internet via connection 410.

In the diagram of 4A, airplane 202 is providing Internet service to basestation through downlink 208. The airplane 202 routes data from basestation 206 to satellite 402. In some implementations, satellite 402 isone of multiple satellites orbiting the Earth. Airplane 202 receivesand/or sends data to and/or from satellite 402 via uplink 402. Anadvantage of configuration 400A is that the power used to send signalsthrough uplink 404 can be much lower than the power used to send throughuplink 408. Moreover, base stations 206 may be cheaper and easier tooperate than antenna 406.

FIG. 4B is a diagram of an example uplink using a direct relay. Theuplink configuration of FIG. 4B is generally referred to by thereference number 400B. In FIG. 4B, airplane 202 is connected to basestation 206 via downlink 208. Airplane 202 is also connected to basestation 412 via uplink 414. Base station 412 is connected to theInternet 214 via connection 416.

In the diagram of FIG. 4B, a direct relay is formed using the airplane202 as the point of relay. In some implementations, the communicationsmodule 126 can establish two concurrent connections with base stations206, 416 such that a downlink 208 is established with base station 206and an uplink with base station 412. An advantage of configuration 400Bis the use of less infrastructure. However, the connection duration inconfiguration 400B may be less than in 400A.

FIG. 4C is a diagram of an example uplink using a peer-to-peer relay.The uplink configuration of FIG. 4C is generally referred to by thereference number 400C. In FIG. 4C, airplane 202 is connected to basestation 206 via downlink 208. Airplane 202 is also connected to anotherairplane 418 via uplink 420. The second airplane 418 is connected to abased station 412 via uplink 422. Base station 412 is connected to theInternet 412 via connection 416. Airplane 202 is separated from airplane418 by horizontal distance 424 and vertical distance 426.

In the diagram of FIG. 4C, airplane 418 can relay data between airplane202 and base station 412. For example, the vertical distance 426 can begreater than about 2,000 feet and horizontal distance 424 can be greaterthan about two miles. In some examples, airplane 202 may be out of rangeto establish a direct downlink with base station 412. Inimplementations, airplane 418 is one of multiple aircraft that can beused to relay data from airplane 202 to base station 412. In someexamples, unused spectrum such as that used by terrestrial TV broadcastand FM radio links can be used. In the United States, the amount ofavailable spectrum for such use is approximately 350 megahertz. In someexamples, the available spectrum can be divided among airplanes forexclusive spectrum use for reach airplane at any point in time. In someexamples, the airplanes can also use frequency-division duplexing (FDD)for communication among the airplanes. As used herein, FDD refers to theoperation of transmitters and receivers at different carrierfrequencies.

FIG. 5 is a detailed process flow diagram of an example method forproviding Internet connectivity via commercial aircraft. The method ofFIG. 5 is referred to generally by the reference number 500.

At block 502, dynamic spectrum module 124 determines an availablespectrum to use for an uplink and a downlink. As discussed above,available spectrum can include white spaces that include UHF and VHFbands, as well as existing communications channels such as ADS-B. Insome examples, the dynamic spectrum module 124 can determine availablespectrum through channel discovery based on local information andinformation from external sources. For example, the dynamic spectrummodule 124 can investigate spectrum units within the spectrum for thepresence of a channel in linear succession. In some examples, thedynamic spectrum module 124 can investigate the spectrum units withinthe spectrum for the presence of a channel in a staggered fashion,skipping over one or more spectrum units in a linear success of spectrumunits. The skipping can be performed to investigate the availablespectrum for the presence of the channel on a class-width-by-class-widthbasis, starting with the largest class width first. In some examples,the dynamic spectrum module 124 can receive white space information fromremote or local geolocation services and determine the availablespectrum to use along a route from the received white space information.For example, white space information for a given location can becomputed by the geolocation services based on television transmitterparameters, elevation data, and information received regarding anyoperational wireless microphones. In some implementations, the dynamicspectrum module 124 can use the received white space information todetermine which spectrum to use for a downlink and/or an uplink along aflight path.

At block 504, the dynamic spectrum module 124 can determine a transmitpower for the uplink and connect the moving object to an Internetconnection. As discussed above, in some examples, an uplink can connectan aircraft to another aircraft, a satellite, or a base station toconnect the aircraft to the Internet. In some examples, the dynamicspectrum module 124 can choose a transmit power based on the distance ofthe uplink. For example, the dynamic spectrum module 124 can determine atransmit power that would efficiently connect the two devices. In someexamples, the dynamic spectrum module 124 can also take spectruminterference into account when determining a transmit power.

At block 506, the dynamic spectrum module 124 can determine a transmitpower for the downlink and connect a remote subscriber to the movingobject via the downlink. In some implementations, the remote subscribercan be connected to a base station that is connected to moving objectvia a downlink. In some implementations, the remote subscriber can beconnected directly by a downlink between the remote subscriber deviceand the moving object. In some examples, the available spectrum in agiven location can vary widely along a given path of a moving object.Therefore, in some implementations, the dynamic spectrum module 124 candetermine a transmit power that does not cause interference withportions of spectrum already in use. For example, a channel may beavailable at a particular base station but in use at an area that isnearby the base station. The dynamic spectrum module 124 can limit thetransmit power when using the channel such that interference with thenearby use is prevented.

At block 508, the communications module 126 provides an Internetconnection to the remote device. In implementations, when both adownlink and an uplink is established, a remote subscriber can receiveInternet service via the remote device. As mentioned above, in someimplementations, the aircraft can provide Internet service to a basestation that can relay service to connected remote subscribers. In someexamples, the Internet connection can last a few minutes and/or beavailable a few times a day. In some examples, the Internet connectioncan be continuous such that remote subscribers experience little or nopacket loss. For example, the communications module 122 can migrate theconnection as discussed in block 510 below. In some examples, latencysensitive applications such as VoIP communications can be used duringpredetermined hours of continuous Internet connectivity.

At block 510, the communication modules 122 can migrate the downlink toa second downlink of a second moving object. As discussed in FIG. 3, insome implementations, the link state information of downlink 208 can bemigrated to downlink 304 the second airplane 302 while both airplanesare in range of base station 206. By migrating the downlink throughhandoff connections, a continuous Internet connection is possible inareas with even moderate air traffic.

At block 512, the caching module 128 can cache content on each movingobject. In some implementations, the caching module 128 can be on anaircraft computer 100 cache store 130. For example, the cache store 130can include Internet content such as email, commonly accessed webcontent, common search results, and advertisements, among other content.Corresponding user queries can be answered directly by the cachingmodule 128 rather than searching the Internet. In some implementations,the caching module 128 can also cache content such as large media fileswhile the aircraft is at an airport. In some examples, an aircraft canbe connected to remote subscribers through a downlink but not beconnected to the Internet at that time. In implementations, the cachingmodule 124 can cache data from remote subscribers, such as email, blogupdates, or social media, in a cache store 130. In some examples, thedata in the cache store 130 can be encrypted for the security andprivacy of the remote subscribers.

At block 514, the caching module 128 can cache content at a base stationcommunicatively connected to both the remote subscriber and the movingobject. In some examples, the caching module 128 can anonymouslydetermine the popularity of data requested by the remote subscribersconnected to the base station. In some implementations, the cachingmodule 128 can cache popular data in the cache store for a predeterminedamount of time. In some examples, the base station may be in an areawith irregular air traffic. In some implementations, the caching module128 can cache data from the remote subscribers for future submission.For example, email, blog updates, and social media can be securelystored on the cache store and uploaded to the Internet when the nextavailable aircraft arrives or the remote subscriber device comes withinrange of a base station.

At block 516, the caching module 128 can cache content on a remotesubscriber device via a caching application. In some examples, a remotesubscriber device may not have an available base station or airplane toreceive Internet service. In some implementations, the caching module128 can be part of an application installed on a remote subscriberdevice. For example, the caching module 128 can cache user content, suchas email or social media, in a cache store 130 created on the remotesubscriber device.

The process flow diagram of FIG. 5 is not intended to indicate that theoperations of the method 500 are to be executed in any particular order,or that all of the operations of the method 500 are to be included inevery case. For example, given a consistent air traffic, the blocks of512-516 for caching content may not be executed. In some examples, airtraffic in remote regions may not have enough aircraft to execute block510. For example, a remote subscriber device or base station may neverencounter two airplanes within range at the same time. Further, anynumber of additional operations can be included within the method 500,depending on the specific application.

FIG. 6 is a detailed process flow diagram of an example method formigrating a downlink between aircraft. The method of FIG. 6 is generallyreferred to by the reference number 600.

At block 602, the communications modules 120 routes data to and from anetwork via a first uplink device on a first moving object. In someimplementations the moving object can be an aircraft. For example, themoving object can be an airplane. In implementations, the uplink can bea satellite as in FIG. 4A, a base station such as in FIG. 4B, and/oranother aircraft such as in FIG. 4C. In some implementations, theconnection to the network, such as the Internet, can be continuous. Insome implementations, the connection to the network can be intermittent.

At block 604, the communications module 120 routes data to and from aremote subscriber device or base station via a first downlink device onthe first moving object. As discussed above, the first downlink devicecan be connected directly to a remote subscriber device or to a basestation that relays data to and from remote subscriber devices.

At block 606, the communications module 120 establishes a handoffconnection between the first moving object and a second moving object.In some implementations, the dynamic spectrum module can determine anavailable portion of spectrum to use for air-to-air communication. Thecommunications module can use a portion of the available spectrum forthe handoff connection.

At block 608, the communications module 120 establishes a downlinkbetween the remote subscriber device or base station and a seconddownlink device on the second moving object. In some examples, thecommunications module 120 of a first aircraft provides the remotesubscriber device or base station with information about a secondaircraft such as its location and a portion of spectrum to use for thesecond downlink. In some implementations, the communications module 120of the second aircraft can establish a second downlink with the remotesubscriber device or base station.

At block 610, the communications module 120 migrates the routing of datato and from a remote device to the second downlink device and a seconduplink device on the second moving object from the first downlink devicevia the handoff connection. In some implementations, link stateinformation is passed from the first moving object to the second movingobject. For example, a communications module 120 on a first aircraft cansend link state information to a communications module 120 on a secondaircraft to migrate the routing of data to and from a remote device.

The process flow diagram of FIG. 6 is not intended to indicate that theoperations of the method 600 are to be executed in any particular order,or that all of the operations of the method 600 are to be included inevery case. Further, any number of additional operations can be includedwithin the method 600, depending on the specific application.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a tangible, computer-readable storagemedium that can be used to provide Internet access via moving object.The tangible, computer-readable storage media 700 may be accessed by aprocessor 702 over a computer bus 704. Furthermore, the tangible,computer-readable storage media 700 may include code to direct theprocessor 702 to perform the current methods. For example, methods 500and 600 can be performed by the processor 702.

The various software components discussed herein may be stored on thetangible, computer-readable storage media 700, as indicated in FIG. 7.For example, the tangible computer-readable storage media 700 caninclude a dynamic spectrum module 706, a communications module 708, anda caching module 710. In some implementations, the dynamic spectrummodule 706 can cause the processor to determine an available portion ofspectrum using dynamic spectrum access. For example, the availablespectrum can be a portion of white space or ADS-B communicationschannel. In some implementations, the dynamic spectrum module 706 canalso cause the processor to determine a transmit power. For example, thedynamic spectrum module 706 can take preexisting use of portions of aspectrum into account when determining a transmit power. Inimplementations, the communications module 708 can cause the processorto establish a downlink using the available spectrum. Inimplementations, the communications module 708 can cause the processorto send and receive data to and from a remote subscriber and relay thedata to and from a publicly available network via an uplink. Forexample, the uplink can be configured as in 400A, 400B, or 400C of FIGS.4A-4C. In some implementations, the caching module 710 can cause theprocessor to cache at least some of the data for later sending orretrieval. In some implementations, the communications module 708 cancause the processor to migrate the downlink to a second moving aircraft.In some implementations, the communications module 708 can cause theprocessor to steer a directional antenna. In some implementations, thecommunications module 708 can cause the processor to interleave at leastsome of the data with existing ADS-B communications.

It is to be understood that any number of additional software componentsnot shown in FIG. 7 can be included within the tangible,computer-readable storage media 700, depending on the specificapplication. Although the subject matter has been described in languagespecific to structural features and/or methods, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific structural features or methodsdescribed above. Rather, the specific structural features and methodsdescribed above are disclosed as example forms of implementing theclaims.

EXAMPLE 1

An example of a moving object is provided. The example moving objectincludes an uplink device of the moving object to connect the movingobject to a publicly available computer network. The example movingobject includes a downlink device of the moving object to becommunicatively coupled to a remote device at a specific segment along aroute of the moving object. The remote device is to provide datareceived via the downlink device to a user. The example moving objectalso includes a cache store communicatively coupled to the uplink deviceand the downlink device.

In some implementations, the example moving object can be an aircraft.In some implementations, the example moving object can be an airplane.In some implementations, the specific segment can be based at least inpart on a transmit power for the downlink device. In someimplementations, the downlink device can use Automatic DependentSurveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) technology to route at least some of thedata and at least some the data can be interleaved with other ADS-Bcommunications. In some implementations, the downlink device can use aportion of spectrum determined through dynamic spectrum access. In someimplementations, the example moving object can be a first moving objectand the downlink device can be a first downlink device. The first movingobject can be communicatively coupled to the second moving object with asecond downlink device via a handoff connection between the first movingobject and second moving object. The data can be routed to the remotedevice via the second downlink device. In some implementations, theuplink device and the downlink device can use different portions ofspectrum and the uplink device can connect the moving object to thecomputer network. In some implementations, the cache store can storedata from the remote subscriber after a connection with the downlinkdevice is lost. The stored data from the remote subscriber can be sentto a second moving object through a second downlink device. In someimplementations, the cache store can include data received from thepublicly available computer network.

EXAMPLE 2

An example of a method is described herein. The example method includesrouting data to and from a network via a first uplink device on a firstmoving object. The example method includes routing data to and from aremote device via a first downlink device on the first moving object.The example method includes establishing a handoff connection betweenthe first moving object and a second moving object. The example methodincludes establishing a downlink between the remote device and a seconddownlink device of the second moving object. The example method includesmigrating the routing of data to and from the remote device to thesecond downlink device and a second uplink device on the second movingobject from the first downlink device via the handoff connection.

In some implementations, the first and second moving objects can beaircraft. In some implementations, the first and second moving objectscan be airplanes. In some implementations, the example method canfurther include determining a portion of spectrum to be used by thefirst and the second downlink device using dynamic spectrum access. Insome implementations, the example method can include caching at leastsome of the data on at least one of the first or the second movingobjects. In some implementations, the example method can include cachingat least some of the data on the remote device. The remote device can bea remote subscriber device. In some implementations, the example methodcan include caching at least some of the data at the remote device. Theremote device can also be a base station communicatively connected to aremote subscriber. In some implementations, the cached data at the basestation can be retrieved by a subsequent moving object.

EXAMPLE 3

An example of one or more computer-readable storage media is describedherein. The example one or more computer-readable storage media includea plurality of instructions that, when executed by a processor, causethe processor to determine an available spectrum via dynamic spectrumaccess. The example computer-readable storage media include instructionsto establish a downlink to a remote device via a downlink device of amoving object using the available spectrum. The examplecomputer-readable storage media include instructions to establish anuplink to a publicly available network via an uplink device of themoving object using a different portion of spectrum. The examplecomputer-readable storage media include instructions to send and receivedata to and from a remote device, the data to be relayed to and from thenetwork via the uplink device.

In some implementations, the moving object can be an aircraft. In someimplementations, the moving object can be an airplane. In someimplementations, the example computer-readable storage media can includeinstructions to cache at least some of the data for later sending orretrieval in a cache store on the moving object. In someimplementations, the example computer-readable storage media can includeinstructions to migrate the downlink to a downlink device of a secondmoving object. In some implementations, the example computer-readablestorage media can include instructions to steer a directional antenna ofthe downlink device. In some implementations, the examplecomputer-readable storage media can include instructions to interleaveat least some of the data with ADS-B communications.

EXAMPLE 4

An example of an apparatus is provided. The example apparatus includes ameans for connecting the apparatus to a publicly available computernetwork. The example apparatus includes a means for communicativelycoupling to a remote device at a specific segment along a route of theapparatus and providing data received from the publicly availablecomputer network to a user. The example apparatus includes a means forcaching data.

In some implementations, the example apparatus can be an aircraft. Insome implementations, the example apparatus can be an airplane. In someimplementations, the specific segment can be based at least in part on atransmit power for the downlink device. In some implementations, themeans for communicatively coupling to a remote device can use AutomaticDependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) technology to route at leastsome of the data and at least some the data can be interleaved withother ADS-B communications. In some implementations, the means forcommunicatively coupling to a remote device can use a portion ofspectrum determined through dynamic spectrum access. In someimplementations, the example apparatus can include a means forcommunicatively coupling with a moving object. The moving object caninclude a means for routing data to the remote device. In someimplementations, the means for connecting the apparatus to a publiclyavailable network and the means for communicatively coupling to a remotedevice can use different portions of spectrum. In some implementations,the means for caching data can store data from the remote subscriberafter a connection with the downlink device is lost. In someimplementations, the means for caching data can include data receivedfrom the publicly available computer network.

What has been described above includes examples of the claimed subjectmatter. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivablecombination of components or methodologies for purposes of describingthe claimed subject matter, but one of ordinary skill in the art mayrecognize that many further combinations and permutations of the claimedsubject matter are possible. Accordingly, the claimed subject matter isintended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variationsthat fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

In particular and in regard to the various functions performed by theabove described components, devices, circuits, systems and the like, theterms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe suchcomponents are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, toany component which performs the specified function of the describedcomponent, e.g., a functional equivalent, even though not structurallyequivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function inthe herein illustrated exemplary aspects of the claimed subject matter.In this regard, it will also be recognized that the innovation includesa system as well as a computer-readable storage media havingcomputer-executable instructions for performing the acts and events ofthe various methods of the claimed subject matter.

There are multiple ways of implementing the claimed subject matter,e.g., an appropriate API, tool kit, driver code, operating system,control, standalone or downloadable software object, etc., which enablesapplications and services to use the techniques described herein. Theclaimed subject matter contemplates the use from the standpoint of anAPI (or other software object), as well as from a software or hardwareobject that operates according to the techniques set forth herein. Thus,various implementations of the claimed subject matter described hereinmay have aspects that are wholly in hardware, partly in hardware andpartly in software, as well as in software.

The aforementioned systems have been described with respect tointeraction between several components. It can be appreciated that suchsystems and components can include those components or specifiedsub-components, some of the specified components or sub-components, andadditional components, and according to various permutations andcombinations of the foregoing. Sub-components can also be implemented ascomponents communicatively coupled to other components rather thanincluded within parent components (hierarchical).

Additionally, it can be noted that one or more components may becombined into a single component providing aggregate functionality ordivided into several separate sub-components, and any one or more middlelayers, such as a management layer, may be provided to communicativelycouple to such sub-components in order to provide integratedfunctionality. Any components described herein may also interact withone or more other components not specifically described herein butgenerally known by those of skill in the art.

In addition, while a particular feature of the claimed subject mattermay have been disclosed with respect to one of several implementations,such feature may be combined with one or more other features of theother implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any givenor particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms“includes,” “including,” “has,” “contains,” variants thereof, and othersimilar words are used in either the detailed description or the claims,these terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term“comprising” as an open transition word without precluding anyadditional or other elements.

What is claimed is:
 1. A moving object that provides networkconnectivity, comprising: an uplink device of the moving object toconnect the moving object to a publicly available computer network; adownlink device of the moving object to be communicatively coupled to aremote device at a specific segment along a route of the moving object,wherein the remote device is to provide data received via the downlinkdevice to a user; and a cache store communicatively coupled to theuplink device and the downlink device.
 2. The moving object of claim 1,the moving object comprising an aircraft.
 3. The moving object of claim1, the moving object comprising an airplane.
 4. The moving object ofclaim 1, the specific segment based at least in part on a transmit powerfor the downlink device.
 5. The moving object of claim 1, the downlinkdevice to use Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)technology to route at least some of the data and at least some the datais to be interleaved with other ADS-B communications.
 6. The movingobject of claim 1, the downlink device to use a portion of spectrumdetermined through dynamic spectrum access.
 7. The moving object ofclaim 1, the moving object being a first moving object and the downlinkdevice being a first downlink device, the first moving object to becommunicatively coupled to the second moving object with a seconddownlink device via a handoff connection between the first moving objectand second moving object, the data to be routed to the remote device viathe second downlink device.
 8. The moving object of claim 1, the uplinkdevice and the downlink device to use different portions of spectrum andthe uplink device to connect the moving object to the computer network.9. The moving object of claim 1, the cache store to store data from theremote subscriber after a connection with the downlink device is lost,the stored data from the remote subscriber to be sent to a second movingobject through a second downlink device.
 10. The moving object of claim1, the cache store comprising data received from the publicly availablecomputer network.
 11. A method for providing network connectivity viamoving objects, comprising: routing data to and from a network via afirst uplink device on a first moving object; routing data to and from aremote device via a first downlink device on the first moving object;establishing a handoff connection between the first moving object and asecond moving object; establishing a downlink between the remote deviceand a second downlink device of the second moving object; and migratingthe routing of data to and from the remote device to the second downlinkdevice and a second uplink device on the second moving object from thefirst downlink device via the handoff connection.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, the first and second moving objects comprising aircraft. 13.The method of claim 11, the first and second moving objects comprisingairplanes.
 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining aportion of spectrum to be used by the first and the second downlinkdevice using dynamic spectrum access.
 15. The method of claim 11,further comprising caching at least some of the data on at least one ofthe first or the second moving objects.
 16. The method of claim 11,further comprising caching at least some of the data on the remotedevice, the remote device comprising a remote subscriber device.
 17. Themethod of claim 11, further comprising caching at least some of the dataat the remote device, the remote device comprising a base stationcommunicatively connected to a remote subscriber.
 18. The method ofclaim 17, the cached data at the base station to be retrieved by asubsequent moving object.
 19. One or more computer-readable storagemedia for providing network connectivity via moving objects, comprisinga plurality of instructions that, when executed by a processor, causethe processor to: determine an available spectrum via dynamic spectrumaccess; establish a downlink to a remote device via a downlink device ofa moving object using the available spectrum; establish an uplink to apublicly available network via an uplink device of the moving objectusing a different portion of spectrum; and send and receive data to andfrom a remote device, the data to be relayed to and from the network viathe uplink device.
 20. The one or more computer-readable storage mediaof claim 19, the moving object comprising an aircraft.
 21. The one ormore computer-readable storage media of claim 19, the moving objectcomprising an airplane.
 22. The one or more computer-readable storagemedia of claim 19, further comprising a plurality of instructions that,when executed by a processor, cause the processor to cache at least someof the data for later sending or retrieval in a cache store on themoving object.
 23. The one or more computer-readable storage media ofclaim 19, further comprising a plurality of instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, cause the processor to migrate the downlink toa downlink device of a second moving object.
 24. The one or morecomputer-readable storage media of claim 19, further comprising aplurality of instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause theprocessor to steer a directional antenna of the downlink device.
 25. Theone or more computer-readable storage media of claim 19, furthercomprising a plurality of instructions that, when executed by aprocessor, cause the processor to interleave at least some of the datawith ADS-B communications.